List of Irregular Verbs

List of Irregular Verbs

Infinitive	Past tense	Past participle
abide	abided, abode	abided, abode
arise	arose	arisen
awake	awoke	awoken
be	was/were	been
bear	bore	borne
beat	beat	beaten
become	became	become
befall	befell	befallen
beget	begot, (archaic) begat	begotten
begin	began	begun
behold	beheld	beheld
bend	bent	bent
beseech	besought, beseeched	besought, beseeched
beset	beset	beset
bet	bet, betted	bet, betted
bid	bid, bade	bidden, bid
bind	bound	bound
bite	bit	bitten
bleed	bled	bled
bless	blessed	blessed
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
breed	bred	bred
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast
browbeat	browbeat	browbeaten
build	built	built
burn	burnt, burned	burnt, burned
burst	burst	burst
bust	bust, busted	bust, busted
buy	bought	bought
cast	cast	cast
catch	caught	caught
chide	chided, chid	chided, chidden
choose	chose	chosen
cleave (1)	cleaved, clove, cleft	cleaved, cloven, cleft
cleave (2)	cleaved, clave	cleaved
cling	clung	clung
come	came	come
cost	cost, costed	cost, costed
creep	crept	crept
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
dig	dug	dug
dive	dived; (US) dove	dived
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
dream	dreamt, dreamed	dreamt, dreamed
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
dwell	dwelt; (US) dwelled	dwelt
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
flee	fled	fled
fling	flung	flung
floodlight	floodlighted, floodlit	floodlighted, floodlit
fly	flew	flown
forbear	forbore	forborne
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forecast	forecast, forecasted	forecast, forecasted
foresee	foresaw	foreseen
foretell	foretold	foretold
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
forgo	forwent	forgone
forsake	forsook	forsaken
forswear	forswore	forsworn
freeze	froze	frozen
gainsay	gainsaid	gainsaid
get	got	got; (US) gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grind	ground	ground
grow	grew	grown
hamstring	hamstrung	hamstrung
hang	hung, hanged	hung, hanged
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
heave	heaved, hove	heaved, hove
hew	hewed	hewed, hewn
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
inlay	inlaid	inlaid
input	input, inputted	input, inputted
inset	inset	inset
interweave	interwove	interwoven
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt; (esp US) kneeled	knelt; (esp US) kneeled
knit	knitted, knit	knitted, knit
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
lean	leant, leaned	leant, leaned
leap	leapt, leaped	leapt, leaped
learn	learnt, learned	learnt, learned
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
light	lit, lighted	lit, lighted
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
miscast	miscast	miscast
mishear	misheard	misheard
mishit	mishit	mishit
mislay	mislaid	mislaid
misread	misread	misread
misspell	misspelled, misspelt	misspelled, misspelt
misspend	misspent	misspent
mistake	mistook	mistaken
misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood
mow	mowed	mown, mowed
offset	offset	offset
outbid	outbid	outbid
outdo	outdid	outdone
outfight	outfought	outfought
outgrow	outgrew	outgrown
output	output	output
outrun	outrun	outrun
outsell	outsold	outsold
outshine	outshone	outshone
overcome	overcame	overcome
overdo	overdid	overdone
overdraw	overdrew	overdrawn
overeat	overate	overeaten
overfly	overflew	overflown
overhang	overhung	overhung
overhear	overheard	overheard
overlay	overlaid	overlaid
overpay	overpaid	overpaid
override	overrode	overridden
overrun	overran	overrun
oversee	oversaw	overseen
overshoot	overshot	overshot
oversleep	overslept	overslept
overspend	overspent	overspent
overtake	overtook	overtaken
overthrow	overthrew	overthrown
overwrite	overwrote	overwritten
partake	partook	partaken
pay	paid	paid
plead	pleaded; (US) pled	pleaded; (US) pled
proofread	proofread	proofread
prove	proved	proved; (US) proven
put	put	put
quit	quit; (Brit also) quitted	quit; (Brit also) quitted
read	read	read
rebuild	rebuilt	rebuilt
recast	recast	recast
redo	redid	redone
rehear	reheard	reheard
remake	remade	remade
rend	rent	rent
repay	repaid	repaid
rerun	reran	rerun
resell	resold	resold
reset	reset	reset
resit	resat	resat
retake	retook	retaken
retell	retold	retold
rewind	rewound	rewound
rewrite	rewrote	rewritten
rid	rid	rid
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
saw	sawed	sawn; (US) sawed
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
sew	sewed	sewn, sewed
shake	shook	shaken
shear	sheared	shorn, sheared
shed	shed	shed
shine	shone, shined	shone, shined
shit	shitted, shat	shitted, shat
shoe	shod	shod
shoot	shot	shot
show	showed	shown, showed
shrink	shrank, shrunk	shrunk
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
slay	slew	slain
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
sling	slung	slung
slink	slunk	slunk
slit	slit	slit
smell	smelt, smelled	smelt, smelled
smite	smote	smitten
sow	sowed	sown, sowed
speak	spoke	spoken
speed	sped, speeded	sped, speeded
spell	spelt, spelled	spelt, spelled
spend	spent	spent
spill	spilt, spilled	spilt, spilled
spin	spun, (archaic) span	spun
spit	spat; (esp US) spit	spat; (esp US) spit
split	split	split
spoil	spoilt, spoiled	spoilt, spoiled
spotlight	spotlit, spotlighted	spotlit, spotlighted
spread	spread	spread
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
stave	staved, stove	staved, stove
steal	stole	stolen
stick	stuck	stuck
sting	stung	stung
stink	stank, stunk	stunk
strew	strewed	strewed, strewn
stride	strode	-
strike	struck	struck
string	strung	strung
strive	strove, strived	striven
sublet	sublet	sublet
swear	swore	sworn
sweep	swept	swept
swell	swelled	swollen, swelled
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
thrust	thrust	thrust
tread	trod	trodden, trod
typecast	typecast	typecast
unbend	unbent	unbent
underbid	underbid	underbid
undercut	undercut	undercut
undergo	underwent	undergone
underlie	underlay	underlain
underpay	underpaid	underpaid
undersell	undersold	undersold
understand	understood	understood
undertake	undertook	undertaken
underwrite	underwrote	underwritten
undo	undid	undone
unfreeze	unfroze	unfrozen
unwind	unwound	unwound
uphold	upheld	upheld
upset	upset	upset
wake	woke	woken
waylay	waylaid	waylaid
wear	wore	worn
weave	wove, weaved	woven, weaved
wed	wedded, wed	wedded, wed
weep	wept	wept
wet	wet, wetted	wet, wetted
win	won	won
wind	wound	wound
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn
withhold	withheld	withheld
withstand	withstood	withstood
wring	wrung	wrung
write	wrote	written

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The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

The future perfect continuous tense is used to express a duration of an action up to a point of time in the future.

Examples:

Next month, Tom will have been working in this office for ten years. ○ When the teacher comes back, we shall have been practising for two hours. ○ On July 15th, 1987, we shall have been living in this city for twenty years.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense

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The Future Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect tense is used to express an action that will have been completed before another future action or before a point of time in the future.

Examples:

You will have learnt much about the weakness of man when you are my age. ○ I shall have finished my work by eight o'clock tonight.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The past perfect continuous tense is similar in use to the past perfect tense. It emphasizes the uninterrupted nature of the action.

Examples:

The telephone had been ringing for five minutes before it was answered. ○ They told me you had been living in Moscow before the war.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that occurred or completed either before another past action or before a fixed point of time in the past.

Examples:

When I arrived, the thief had already escaped. ○ He had written this novel before the Revolution. ○ Mr. Brown had just left when the telephone rang.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

The present perfect continuous tense is similar in use to the present perfect. It expresses an action which began in the past but has continued up to the present and possibly to the future. The present perfect continuous tense, however, emphasizes the uninterrupted nature of the action.

Examples:

They have been staying here nearly a month. ○ I have been thinking about your project.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is used to express:

1. An action that has existed or has occurred some time in the past but the exact time of the action is either not known or not indicated.
2. An action with an incomplete period of time.
3. An action that began in the past and has continued up to the present and possibly to the future.
4. An action that was repeated several times in the past.
5. An action that has been completed a relatively short time before the moment speaking.

Examples:

1. I have read that book before. ○ Have you ever been to London? - Yes, I have been there twice.
2. I have written three letters this morning.
3. They have lived here for five years. ○ I have learnt French since 1970.
4. She has seen that film many times. ○ I have studied my lessons over and over before the examination.
5. He has just gone out. ○ She has just bought this car.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Future Continuous Tense

The Future Continuous Tense

The future continuous tense is used to express an action that will be in progress at a point of time or that will extend over a limited period of time in the future.

Examples:

I'll be probably watching television at 8 o'clock this evening. ○ This time next week I shall be flying to France. ○ We'll be asking you for suggestions soon.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Simple Future Tense

The Simple Future Tense

The simple future tense is used to express:

1. An action or state that will exist or occur in the future.
2. Requests or invitations.

Examples:

1. The teacher will ask you a few questions. ○ I shall answer the phone for you.
2. Will you repeat your question? ○ Will you go to the movies with me?

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is used to express:

1. An action that was in progress at a point of time in the past.
2. An action happening in parallel with another action in the past.
3. An action which was happening when another action happened in the past.

Examples:

1. He was sitting there fifteen minutes ago. ○ John was still reading at midnight.
2. They were watching television while I was doing my work. ○ While I was living in Germany, the war was going on.
3. I was eating breakfast when the phone rang. ○ I was driving on the highway when the accident happened.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Simple Past Tense

The Simple Past Tense

The simple past tense is used to express:

1. An action or state which existed at a definite time in the past.
2. An action which happened over a period of time in the past.
3. A habit in the past.

Examples:

1. I bought this car a week ago.
2. I was in the army from 1965 to 1970. ○ He lived in Moscow during last summer.
3. Whenever he went abroad, he took his wife with him. ○ We went swimming every Sunday morning last year.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Present Continuous Tense

The Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense is used to express:

1. An action happening at the moment of speaking.
2. An action happening at the same time as another action in the present.
3. An action that will take place in the near future.

Examples:

1. Miss Janet is practising the piano. ○ They are talking about a football match in this afternoon.
2. Anybody who looks at his passenger while he is driving a car is a danger.
3. Dr. Brown is coming here next week. ○ He is leaving for London tomorrow.

Other Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Simple Present Tense

The Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is used to express:

1. An action or state in the present.
2. A repeated action or habit in the present.
3. A general truth or a natural law.
4. An automatic result.
5. A planned action in the future accompanied by an expression of time.

Examples:

1. She loves her children very much. ○ This medicine tastes bitter to me.
2. Mary goes to the cinema every Sunday. ○ John drinks coffee before he goes to work.
3. Oil floats on water. ○ The sun rises in the East.
4. Ice turns to water when we heat it. ○ We shiver when we are cold.
5. When does the play begin? - It begins at 7:30. ○ We set out tomorrow morning.

Other Tenses

• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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The Tenses

The Tenses

• The Simple Present Tense
• The Present Continuous Tense
• The Simple Past Tense
• The Past Continuous Tense
• The Simple Future Tense
• The Future Continuous Tense
• The Present Perfect Tense
• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Past Perfect Tense
• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• The Future Perfect Tense
• The Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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